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Geography Class-5 Types of Inversion and Humidity

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Geography Class-5 Types of Inversion and Humidity PDF

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The link of PDF of this Geography Class-5 Types of Inversion and Humidity is given below the explanation of the class, you can download the PDF by going below.

 

Geography Class-5 Types of Inversion and Humidity

In this Geography Class-5 Types of Inversion and Humidity, we will discuss about the Types of Inversion, Effects of temperature inversion, Humidity, and types of humidity etc.

Topics to be covered in this Article :-

  • Types of Inversion
  • Effects of Temperature Inversion
  • Humidity
  • Types of Humidity

 

Types of Inversion

Temperature inversion refers to a deviation from the normal atmospheric temperature profile, where temperatures increase with height rather than decrease. In a normal atmospheric temperature profile, as you climb up through the atmosphere, the temperature usually decreases due to decreasing pressure and decreasing density of air molecules.

However, in inversion, the opposite occurs: temperature increases with altitude. This reversal of the normal temperature profile can have significant impacts on weather conditions, air quality and the dispersion of pollutants. Here are some common types of temperature inversions:

1. Radiation Inversion:

    • Description: Radiation inversions occur due to the radiative cooling of the Earth’s surface, particularly during clear, calm nights.
    • Cause: As the ground loses heat through radiation, the air near the surface cools rapidly, leading to a temperature inversion where the temperature increases with altitude.
    • Effects: Radiation inversions can lead to reduced vertical mixing of air, trapping pollutants near the surface, and affecting air quality, especially in urban areas.
Radiation Inversion
Image Source: https://apollo.nvu.vsc.edu/classes/met130/notes/chapter3/rad_invers2.html

 

2. Advection Inversion:

    • Description: Advection inversions occur when warm air moves over a colder surface, such as a warm air mass moving over a cold ocean or snow-covered ground.
    • Cause: The warm air cools as it moves over the colder surface, leading to a temperature inversion.
    • Effects: Advection inversions can influence local weather patterns, leading to the formation of fog, low clouds, or stable atmospheric conditions.
Advection Inversion
Image Source: http://class.atmos.ucla.edu/AS2/scrns/web%20notes%20%28turco%20book%29/inversions/Note03.html

 

3. Valley Inversion:

    • Description: Valley inversions occur in mountain valleys where cold, dense air settles at lower elevations while warmer air resides above.
    • Cause: During clear, calm nights, the cooler, denser air near the valley floor sinks and becomes trapped by the surrounding terrain, leading to a temperature inversion.
    • Effects: Valley inversions can result in temperature variations within the valley, with colder temperatures near the valley floor and warmer temperatures at higher elevations. This can lead to the trapping of pollutants and fog in the valley, affecting air quality and visibility.
Valley Inversion
Image Source: http://www.heidorn.info/keith/weather/elements/inversion.htm

Each type of temperature inversion has unique characteristics and effects on weather conditions, air quality, and atmospheric stability. Understanding these different types of inversions is crucial for meteorologists, environmental scientists, and policymakers, as they play a significant role in weather forecasting, air quality management, and climate studies.

 

Effects of Temperature Inversion

Temperature inversions can have various effects on weather, air quality, and the environment. Understanding these effects is crucial for assessing the impact of inversions on local conditions and for developing strategies to mitigate potential problems. Here are some of the key effects of temperature inversions:

  • Air Quality Degradation:
    • Trapping of pollutants near the surface.
    • Buildup of pollutant concentrations.
    • Decrease in air quality and visibility.

 

  • Weather Stability:
    • Suppression of vertical air mixing.
    • Hindering the formation of clouds and rainfall.
    • Long periods of clear skies and less rainfall.

 

  • Temperature Variations:
    • Temperature gradient within different atmospheric layers.
    • At temperature extremes, surface temperatures are cold and above are hot.

 

  • Impacts on Agriculture:
    • Increased risk of frost formation.
    • Temperature fluctuations affecting crop growth and development.

 

  • Aviation and Transportation:
    • Reduced visibility due to trapped pollutants or fog.
    • Wind shear risks during takeoff and landing.

 

  • Health Impacts:
    • Increase in respiratory problems.
    • The risk of respiratory infections and diseases increases.
    • Due to extreme temperatures, the risk of heat-related illnesses is higher.

Understanding these impacts is important to assess the impact of temperature inversions on local conditions and to implement strategies to mitigate potential problems.

 

Practice Question

Ques. What do you understand by the phenomenon of “temperature inversion” in meteorology? How does it affect the weather and the habitants of the place? (100 Words) (UPSC CSE, 2013)

 

Humidity

Humidity refers to the amount of water vapor present in the air. It is an essential component of the atmosphere and plays a significant role in weather and climate. Humidity can influence various weather phenomena, such as cloud formation, precipitation, and temperature regulation.

 

Types of Humidity

Here are the types of humidity:

1. Absolute Humidity:

    • Description: Absolute humidity refers to the actual amount of water vapor present in a unit volume of air, typically expressed in grams per cubic meter (g/m³).
    • Measurement: It is usually measured using devices such as hygrometers.

 

2. Relative Humidity (RH):

    • Description: Relative humidity is the ratio of the amount of water vapor present in the air to the maximum amount of water vapor the air could hold at that temperature, expressed as a percentage.
    • Calculation:  Relative Humidity
    • Importance: Relative humidity gives an indication of the air’s moisture content relative to its capacity to hold moisture at a particular temperature. A relative humidity of 100% indicates that the air is fully saturated with water vapor and cannot hold any more moisture, leading to the possibility of precipitation.

 

3. Specific Humidity:

    • Description: Specific humidity refers to the mass of water vapor present in a unit mass of moist air, typically expressed in grams of water vapor per kilogram of air (g/kg).
    • Calculation:     Specific Humidity
    • Importance: Specific humidity provides a measure of the actual moisture content of the air, unaffected by changes in temperature or pressure.

Understanding the different types of humidity and their characteristics is essential for meteorologists, climatologists, and anyone interested in weather and climate science. Humidity plays a crucial role in shaping weather patterns, affecting human comfort, and influencing various natural processes in the atmosphere.

 

Practice Question

Ques. Out of many expressions of humidity, relative humidity is the most useful for atmospheric analysis. Discuss. (Answer in 150 Words)

Class Quiz

Q1. What is the primary cause of a radiation inversion?
a) Movement of warm air over a cold surface
b) Sinking air in high-pressure systems
c) Clear, Calm nights
d) Associated with the movement of air masses

 

Q2. Match the given phenomenon with their effects of temperature inversion:-
Question
Codes:
a) A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
b) A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2
c) A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3
d) A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2

 

Q3. During a temperature inversion, what typically happens to visibility?
a) Visibility improves due to reduced humidity
b) Visibility remains unaffected
c) Visibility worsens due to trapped pollutants
d) Visibility improves due to increased cloud cover

 

Q4. Match the types of humidity with their characteristics:-
Question
Codes:
a) A-1, B-2, C-3
b) A-3, B-2, C-1
c) A-2, B-1, C-3
d) A-2, B-3, C-1

 

Q5. Which factor primarily determines the capacity of air to hold water vapour?
a) Temperature
b) Pressure
c) Wind Speed
d) Cloud Cover

This is all about the Geography Class-5 Types of Inversion and Humidity. In next class, we will discuss about the Condensation, Precipitation, Types of Rainfall etc.

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Geography Class-5 YouTube Short Video
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Geography Class-5 Types of Inversion and Humidity

 

Geography Class-4 Temperature

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Geography Class-4 Temperature PDF

[pdf-embedder url=”https://www.iaspcsprep.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Geography-Class-4.pdf” title=”Geography (Class-4)”]

The link of PDF of this Geography Class-4 Temperature is given below the explanation of the class, you can download the PDF by going below.

 

Geography Class-4 Temperature

In this Geography Class-4 Temperature, we will discuss about the Temperature, Factors affecting temperature, Distribution of temperature, temperature inversion etc.

Topics to be covered in this Article :-

  • Temperature
  • Process of Heat transfer in the Atmosphere
  • Factors affecting Temperature
  • Distribution of Temperature
  • Range of Temperature
  • Temperature Inversion

 

Temperature

Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is. It indicates the level of thermal energy present within a substance or system. Temperature is typically measured using instruments like thermometers and expressed in units such as Celsius, Fahrenheit, or Kelvin. It’s an essential concept in science and everyday life, influencing various physical and chemical properties of materials and affecting how they interact with each other.

Important Points:-

  1. Measure of Hotness/Coldness: Temperature is a measure that tells us how hot or cold something is.
  2. Representation of Thermal Energy: It represents the amount of thermal energy present within a substance or a system.
  3. Average Kinetic Energy: Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of the particles within the substance or system.
  4. Measured with Instruments: Temperature is typically measured using devices such as thermometers.
  5. Expressed in Units: It is expressed in various units such as Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), or Kelvin (K).
  6. Influences Physical and Chemical Properties: Temperature affects numerous physical and chemical properties of materials, including their state (solid, liquid, gas), conductivity, and reaction rates.
  7. Important in Science and Everyday Life: Understanding temperature is crucial in fields like physics, chemistry, engineering, and meteorology. It also impacts daily activities such as cooking, weather forecasting, and maintaining comfortable environments.

 

Process of Heat transfer in the Atmosphere

The atmosphere is involved in various processes of heat transfer, which play a crucial role in shaping weather patterns and climate. Here’s an overview of the main processes of heat transfer in the atmosphere:

  1. Radiation: Radiation is the transfer of heat energy through electromagnetic waves. The Sun emits radiant energy, which reaches the Earth’s atmosphere and surface. Some of this energy is absorbed by the atmosphere, while the rest is absorbed by the Earth’s surface. The absorbed energy heats up the atmosphere and surface, contributing to temperature differences and driving weather systems.
  2. Conduction: Conduction is the transfer of heat energy through direct contact between molecules. Near the Earth’s surface, conduction plays a role in transferring heat from warmer surfaces to cooler ones. For example, during the day, the ground absorbs heat from the Sun and warms up. This warmth is then conducted to the air layer directly above the surface.
  3. Convection: Convection is the transfer of heat energy through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases). In the atmosphere, convection plays a significant role in redistributing heat vertically. Warm air near the Earth’s surface becomes less dense and rises, carrying heat upward. As it rises, the air cools and eventually sinks back down to the surface, completing a convection cycle. This process is responsible for the formation of clouds, thunderstorms, and other weather phenomena.
  4. Advection: Advection is the horizontal movement of air, carrying heat energy with it. It occurs when air masses with different temperatures come into contact and exchange heat. For example, warm air moving from the tropics toward the poles (warm advection) or cold air moving from polar regions toward the equator (cold advection) can influence temperature patterns and weather conditions over large areas.

These processes of heat transfer interact with each other and with other factors such as humidity, pressure, and Earth’s rotation to create the complex weather patterns observed in the atmosphere. Understanding these processes is essential for meteorologists to forecast weather accurately and for scientists studying climate dynamics.

Process of Heat Transfer in the Atmosphere
Image Credit: https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/earth-system/conduction

 

Factors affecting Temperature

The factor affecting temperature are as follows:-

1. Latitude:

    • Latitude refers to the distance of a location from the equator, measured in degrees north or south.
    • Areas near the equator receive more direct sunlight throughout the year, leading to higher temperatures. This is because the Sun’s rays are more concentrated near the equator.
    • As you move away from the equator towards the poles, the angle at which sunlight hits the Earth’s surface becomes less direct, resulting in lower temperatures.
    • Consequently, locations near the equator experience tropical or warm climates, while those closer to the poles have colder climates.

 

2. Altitude:

    • Altitude, or elevation, refers to the height of a location above sea level.
    • As altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases, and the air becomes less dense. This causes a decrease in temperature with increasing altitude.
    • At higher altitudes, the air expands and cools due to the decrease in pressure, leading to cooler temperatures compared to lower elevations.
    • For example, mountainous regions often have cooler temperatures than low-lying areas at the same latitude.
Temperature and Altitude
Image Credit: https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/backgrounders/weather-temperature

 

3. Distance from the Sea (Continentality):

    • The distance of a location from large water bodies, such as oceans or seas, affects its temperature variability, a concept known as continentality.
    • Coastal areas experience maritime climates characterized by milder temperatures and lower temperature variations throughout the year. This is because water has a higher heat capacity than land, meaning it can absorb and release heat more slowly.
    • Inland areas, or continental regions, tend to have more extreme temperature variations, with hotter summers and colder winters, due to the land’s lower heat capacity.
    • The moderating effect of water results in coastal areas having a more stable and temperate climate compared to inland regions.
Distance from the Sea (Continentality)
Image credit: https://twitter.com/shiv_teaching/status/1498769656911384576

 

4. Nature of Surface:

    • The nature of the surface, such as land cover and land use, influences how much heat is absorbed and retained.
    • Dark-colored surfaces, such as asphalt and forests, absorb more sunlight and heat up quickly, leading to higher temperatures. This is because dark surfaces have lower albedo, meaning they reflect less sunlight and absorb more.
    • Light-colored surfaces, such as snow and sand, reflect more sunlight and heat, resulting in lower temperatures. This is because light surfaces have higher albedo, reflecting more sunlight back into the atmosphere.
    • Urban areas with extensive pavement and buildings tend to experience higher temperatures due to the urban heat island effect, where heat is absorbed and emitted by artificial surfaces.
North & South Facing Slope
Image Credit: http://www.zo.utexas.edu/courses/bio373/chapters/Chapter4/Chapter4.html

 

North & South Facing Slope - Southern Hemisphere
Image Credit: https://grd10geography.wordpress.com/2013/05/17/aspect-2/

 

5. Winds:

    • Wind patterns play a significant role in redistributing heat across the Earth’s surface.
    • Winds can transport heat from warmer regions to cooler regions, affecting temperature gradients over large distances.
    • For example, warm winds blowing from tropical regions towards higher latitudes can raise temperatures in cooler areas, while cold winds blowing from polar regions can lower temperatures in warmer areas.
    • Additionally, local wind patterns, such as sea breezes and mountain breezes, can influence temperature variations in coastal and mountainous regions, respectively.

These factors interact in complex ways to determine the temperature of a particular location, shaping its climate and influencing weather patterns. Understanding these factors is essential for predicting temperature variations and assessing climate variability.

 

Distribution of Temperature

Horizontal and Vertical Distribution of Temperature is as follows:-

(A). Horizontal Distribution:- Horizontal distribution of temperature refers to how temperatures vary across different regions on Earth’s surface. It is influenced by factors such as latitude, proximity to large bodies of water, wind patterns, and the nature of the surface.

Types of Horizontal Distribution of Temperature are:-

  • 1. Longitudinal Distribution (East-West):
    • The longitudinal distribution of temperature varies greatly due to the rotation of the Earth and the presence of landmasses and oceans.
    • Along the equator, temperatures tend to be consistently warm throughout the year due to direct sunlight.
    • Towards the poles, temperatures decrease significantly, with the polar regions experiencing extreme cold due to minimal sunlight angles.
    • Landmasses generally experience greater temperature variations compared to oceans due to differences in heat absorption and release.

Isotherms:- It is represented bylines joining places with equal temperature called as isotherms. These are drawn considering temperature at sea level.

Isotherms-January
Image Credit: https://communities.springernature.com/posts/the-isotherms-race-upslope-in-elevation-and-poleward-in-latitude

Isotherms at a given latitude should be straight and parallel, but due to presence of oceans and continents with differential specific heat, isotherms bend. During winters, isotherms bend towards poles over oceans and towards equator over continents and vice-a-versa. In southern hemisphere, along temperature latitudes, isotherms are parallel and widely spaced.

 

  • 2. Latitudinal Distribution (North-South):
    • The latitudinal distribution of temperature shows a gradual decrease from the equator towards the poles.
    • The equatorial regions experience high temperatures throughout the year due to direct sunlight and minimal variation in day length.
    • Temperatures decrease towards the poles due to the oblique angle of sunlight and shorter days during certain seasons.
    • Seasonal variations are more pronounced in mid-latitude regions, with distinct temperature changes between summer and winter.

Thermal Anomaly

Thermal Anomaly:- It is a phenomenon or a condition when place or a region has a different temperature than its latitude. If the temperature is less than the latitude, it is called as negative thermal anomaly and if the temperature is higher than the latitude, it is called as positive thermal anomaly. e.g.:- Death Valley (USA), and Al-Aziziya (Libya).

Temperature is low at Poles

At Poles, temperature is low because of slating sunrays. During winters, temperature is less than 0•C and also experiences long winters. At sub-polar latitudes, temperature is higher than 0•C during summers, but winters are cold and harsh. At temperate latitudes, summer remains moderate and winters record colder temperature i.e. sub-zero. In lower latitudes, temperature is high throughout the year, although hottest or maximum temperature is recorded to the north and south equator. At equator, due to dominance of water and frequent rainfall, temperature is moderated.

 

(B). Vertical Distribution:- The vertical distribution of temperature refers to the distribution of temperature in the different layers of the atmosphere at the different latitudes from the earth’s surface. The temperature generally decreases due to the elevation from the surface. The decrease in temperature is different in all places and it is not similar anywhere.

Vertical distribution of temperature
Image Credit: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-vertical-distribution-of-temperature-in-the-standard-atmosphere_fig6_228751584
    • The vertical distribution of temperature varies with altitude in the Earth’s atmosphere and within bodies of water.
    • In the atmosphere, temperatures generally decrease with increasing altitude in the troposphere due to the lapse rate.
    • In bodies of water, temperature stratification occurs with warmer water near the surface and colder water at greater depths.
    • Oceanic thermoclines, layers where temperature changes rapidly with depth, play a significant role in marine ecosystems and climate dynamics.
    • Mountainous regions exhibit a significant vertical temperature gradient, with cooler temperatures at higher elevations due to adiabatic cooling and reduced atmospheric pressure.

Understanding the distribution of temperature across longitudinal, latitudinal, and vertical dimensions is crucial for comprehending global climate patterns, weather systems, and ecological processes.

 

Range of Temperature

The range of temperature refers to the difference between the maximum and minimum temperatures observed within a specific location, region, or timeframe. It provides valuable insights into the variability and fluctuations in temperature over a given period, which have significant implications for various natural processes, human activities, and ecosystems. Here are the following types of range of temperature:

  1. Diurnal Range: This refers to the variation in temperature within a single day, typically between the daytime maximum and nighttime minimum temperatures. Diurnal temperature ranges can be influenced by factors such as solar radiation, cloud cover, humidity, and wind patterns. In arid regions, where moisture levels are low and skies are clear, diurnal temperature ranges can be particularly wide, with hot daytime temperatures and cool nights.
  2. Seasonal Range: Seasonal temperature ranges encompass the variations in temperature observed between different seasons (e.g., winter, spring, summer, autumn). These variations are driven by changes in solar insolation, atmospheric circulation patterns, and the tilt of the Earth’s axis. Regions at higher latitudes often experience more pronounced seasonal temperature ranges, with distinct contrasts between cold winters and warm summers.
  3. Annual Range: The annual temperature range represents the difference between the highest and lowest temperatures recorded over the course of a year. It reflects the combined effects of diurnal and seasonal temperature fluctuations. In equatorial regions and coastal areas, where temperatures remain relatively stable throughout the year due to the moderating influence of oceans or consistent solar radiation, the annual temperature range tends to be smaller compared to continental interiors.

Overall, the range of temperature serves as a fundamental indicator of climate dynamics and variability, providing valuable information for scientific research, policy-making, and community resilience efforts.

 

Inversion of Temperature

Temperature inversion refers to a meteorological phenomenon where the normal vertical temperature profile of the atmosphere is inverted, meaning that temperature increases with altitude instead of decreasing as it typically does. This reversal of the normal temperature gradient can have significant impacts on weather conditions, air quality, and the dispersion of pollutants.

Temperature Inversion
Image Credit: https://lotusarise.com/temperature-inversion-upsc/

 

 

Practice Question

Q1. Discuss thermal anomaly. Illustrate with few examples.

Q2. Give reasoned account on vertical and horizontal variation in atmospheric temperature.

 

Class Quiz

Q1. Match the following processes of heat transfer in the atmosphere (List-I) with their descriptions (List-II):-
Question
Codes:
a) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
b) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
c) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
d) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2

 

Q2. Diurnal temperature variation refers to:-
a) Temperature variation throughout the day
b) Temperature variation throughout the year
c) Temperature variation along lines of latitude.
d) Temperature variation along lines of longitude

 

Q3. Match the following factors affecting temperature (List-I) with their descriptions (List -II):
Question
Codes:
a) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
b) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
c) A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2
d) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3

 

Q4. Which of the following term correctly match with their characteristic:-
Question
Select the correct answer from the options given below:-
a) 1 only
b) 2 only
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2

 

Q5. The process of trapping heat within the Earth’s atmosphere is primarily associated with:-
a) Convection
b) Greenhouse effect
c) Thermal inversion
d) Albedo effect

 

Q6.Which of the following factors does NOT affect temperature?
a) Latitude
b) Altitude
c) Humidity
d) Longitude

 

Q7. Match the following temperature ranges (list-I) with their corresponding descriptions (list-II):-
Question
Codes:
a) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
b) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
c) A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
d) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3

This is all about the Geography Class-4 Temperature. In next class, we will discuss about the Temperature Inversion, Types of Inversion, Humidity etc.

Some Important Links
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 Click Here
Download Geography Class-4 PDF Click Here

 

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Geography Class-4 Temperature

 

Geography Class-3 Atmosphere

by
Geography Class-3 Atmosphere PDF

[pdf-embedder url=”https://www.iaspcsprep.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Geography-Class-3.pdf” title=”Geography (Class-3)”]

The link of PDF of this Geography Class-3 Atmosphere is given below the explanation of the class, you can download the PDF by going below.

 

Geography Class-3 Atmosphere

In this Geography Class-3 Atmosphere, we will discuss about the Atmosphere, Primordial Atmosphere, Origin of Atmosphere, Structure of Atmosphere, AQI, NCAP etc.

Topics to be covered in this Article :-

  • Atmosphere
  • Primordial Atmosphere
  • Origin of Atmosphere
  • Structure of Atmosphere
  • Temperature of Atmosphere
  • Air Quality Index (AQI)
  • National Clean Air Program (NCAP)

 

Atmosphere

The atmosphere is a layer of gases that surrounds a planet, like Earth. It’s held in place by gravity and extends outward from the planet’s surface. The atmosphere is essential for life on Earth as it provides the air we breathe, shields us from harmful radiation from the sun, and regulates the planet’s temperature. It’s composed of various gases, primarily nitrogen (about 78%) and oxygen (about 21%), with traces of other gases such as carbon dioxide, argon, and water vapor. The atmosphere is divided into several layers based on temperature and composition, each with its own unique characteristics and functions.

Important Points:-

  • The envelope of gases surrounding the Earth is called the atmosphere.
  • It plays a crucial role in sustaining life on Earth.
  • It’s made up of different gases, like oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and others.
  • It protects us from the Sun’s harmful rays and regulates temperature.

 

Primordial Atmosphere

The primordial atmosphere refers to the very early atmosphere of the Earth. It was formed billions of years ago when the Earth was still in its infancy. This atmosphere was mostly made up of gases like hydrogen and helium.

Primordial atmosphere
Image Credit : https://scijinks.gov/atmosphere-formation/
  • Originated around 4.6 billion years ago during Earth’s formation.
  • Mostly composed of hydrogen and helium gases.

 

Origin of Atmosphere

  • Primordial atmosphere formed from gases released during Earth’s formation.
  • Secondary atmosphere developed from volcanic outgassing, releasing gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor.

The atmosphere of the Earth was formed over billions of years through various processes such as volcanic activity, outgassing from the Earth’s interior, and the impact of comets and asteroids. These processes released gases like nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor into the atmosphere.

 

Structure of Atmosphere

The Earth’s atmosphere is a complex and layered system composed of several distinct layers, each with its own unique characteristics. These layers are defined primarily by changes in temperature with altitude, as well as by the composition of gases within them. From the surface of the Earth upwards, the atmosphere is generally divided into five main layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. Each layer has distinct characteristics and properties.

1. Troposphere:

  • Altitude Range: Surface of the Earth up to 8 km at the poles and up to 18 km at the Equator.
  • Temperature Profile: Temperature decreases with increasing altitude.
  • Key Features:
    • Most weather phenomena occur here, earning it the title of the “weather-making layer.”
    • Upper limit is called the tropopause.
    • Contains about 75-80% of the atmosphere’s mass.
    • The boundary between the troposphere and the layer above it, known as the stratosphere, is called the tropopause. Above the tropopause, temperature remains relatively constant or may even increase with altitude due to the presence of the ozone layer, which absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

2. Stratosphere:

  • Altitude Range: Extends from the tropopause to about 50 km above the Earth’s surface.
  • Temperature Profile: Temperature increases with increasing altitude, due to ozone absorption of solar ultraviolet radiation.
  • Key Features:
    • Often referred to as the ozonosphere due to the concentration of ozone molecules.
    • Commercial jet planes typically fly in this layer.
    • Upper limit is called the stratopause.
Stratosphere
Image Credit : https://www.quora.com/Can-you-block-radiation-without-blocking-light

3. Mesosphere:

  • Altitude Range: Extends between 50 km and 80 km above the Earth’s surface.
  • Temperature Profile: Temperature decreases with increasing altitude, reaching lows of around -90°C.
  • Key Features:
    • Radio waves transmitted from Earth are reflected back from this layer.
    • Most meteors nearing Earth’s horizon burn up in this layer.
    • Uppermost limit is called the mesopause.

 

4. Thermosphere:

  • Altitude Range: Extends from the mesopause up to about 500 km above the Earth’s surface.
  • Temperature Profile: Temperature increases significantly with increasing altitude.
  • Key Features:
    • Contains the ionosphere, where ionization of gases occurs due to solar radiation.
    • Satellite orbits and auroras occur in this layer.
    • Despite the high temperatures, the density of the thermosphere is very low.

5. Ionosphere:

  • Altitude Range: The ionosphere extends from about 60 kilometers above the Earth’s surface to roughly 1,000 kilometers and is a region where the Earth’s atmosphere merges with space.
  • Temperature Profile: Within the ionosphere, there is no distinct temperature profile as seen in other layers of the atmosphere. Temperatures can vary widely depending on factors such as solar activity and altitude within the ionosphere.
  • Key Features:
    • This region overlaps with the upper mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.
    • The ionosphere is divided into several layers, including the D layer, E layer, F layer, and sometimes the G layer. These layers vary in altitude and ionization density depending on factors such as solar activity, time of day, and geographic location.
    • (i) First layer (i.e. low layer) is called as D-layer. D-layer reflects low frequency radio waves and dissociates after sunset.
      (ii) Second layer is called as E-layer (also called as Kennelly and Heaviside layer). E-layer reflects medium frequency radio waves and also dissociates after sunset.
      (iii) Next layer is F-layer (also called as Appleton layer). F-layer reflects high frequency radio waves and partially dissociates after sunset.
      (iv) Above this, there is G-layer also. G-layer doesn’t dissociates after sunset and doesn’t play important role in radio waves.
    • The ionosphere plays a crucial role in radio communications and navigation. It reflects and refracts radio waves, allowing long-distance communication beyond the line of sight. This property of the ionosphere is utilized in technologies such as shortwave radio communication, over-the-horizon radar, and global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) like GPS.
Ionosphere
Image Credit : https://www.britannica.com/science/thermosphere

 

6. Exosphere:

  • Altitude Range: The outermost layer of Earth’s atmosphere. Begins around 500 km above the Earth’s surface and extends indefinitely into space.
  • Temperature Profile: No distinct temperature profile; temperatures can vary widely.
  • Key Features:
    • Transition zone between Earth’s atmosphere and outer space.
    • Gas molecules in this layer are so sparse that they can travel long distances without colliding with each other.
    • Satellites orbit within this layer.

Overall, the structure of the Earth’s atmosphere plays a crucial role in regulating the planet’s climate, weather patterns, and the distribution of life. Each layer has its own unique characteristics and importance in maintaining the delicate balance that supports life on Earth.

Structure of Atmosphere
Image Credit : https://www.qsl.net/4x4xm/FAQ/How-does-the-ionosphere-affect-HF-Radio-Propagation.htm
Layers of the atmosphere
Image Credit : https://kidspressmagazine.com/science-for-kids/misc/misc/earths-atmosphere.html

 

 

Temperature of Atmosphere

The temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere varies with altitude and location. In general, the atmosphere’s temperature decreases with increasing altitude in the troposphere, remains relatively stable in the stratosphere, increases in the mesosphere, and can reach extremely high temperatures in the thermosphere.

temperature of atmosphere
Image Credit : https://stratusdeck.co.uk/vertical-temperature-structure

 

 

Present State (CO2)

Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in the atmosphere has been increasing due to human activities, primarily burning fossil fuels and deforestation. Too much of it can make Earth warmer.

Present State (CO2)
Image Credit : https://medium.com/goodbagio/6-facts-and-stats-about-climate-change-that-should-be-worrying-b237d9f475ad

The amount of carbon-dioxide in the atmosphere has increased along with human emissions since the start of the Industrial Revolution in 1750. CO2 emissions rose slowly to about 5 billion tons a year in the mid-20th century before skyrocketing to more than 35 billion tons per year by the end of the century.

 

Present State [Global Atmospheric Methane {ppb}]

Methane (CH4) concentration in the atmosphere has also been rising due to agricultural activities, landfills, and fossil fuel production. Too much methane can also make Earth warmer.

  • Methane is another greenhouse gas, albeit less abundant than CO2.
  • Its levels have also been rising due to human activities like agriculture and fossil fuel extraction.
  • Methane contributes to global warming too.
Present State (Methane)
Image Credit : https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/91564/what-is-behind-rising-levels-of-methane-in-the-atmosphere
  • The concentration of Methane has increased significantly in 21st century from 1775 ppb (2000) to 1840 ppb presently.
  • Contribution : 50% of the pollution or carbon-dioxide has comes from Industries, 27% from Vehicles, 17% from crop residues and 7% by domestic cooking etc.

 

Air Quality Index (AQI)

Air Quality Index
Image Credit : https://swachhindia.ndtv.com/air-pollution-what-is-air-quality-index-how-is-it-measured-and-its-health-impact-40387/
  • AQI is a measure of how clean or polluted the air is.
  • It takes into account pollutants like ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide.
  • Different levels of AQI indicate different health risks.
  • It is an index includes 8 major pollutants. A cumulative index is calculated to represent air quality for which a colour is assigned.
      1. PM10 (Particulate Matter → 10)
      2. PM2.5 (Particulate Matter → 2.5)
      3. NO2 (Nitrous Oxide)
      4. O3 (Ozone)
      5. CO (Carbon Monoxide)
      6. SO2 (Sulphur Dioxide)
      7. NH3 (Ammonia)
      8. Pb (lead)

 

National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)

  • NCAP is a government initiative to tackle air pollution in India.
  • It aims to reduce air pollution levels in 131 cities across the country.
  • Strategies include improving monitoring, reducing emissions, and promoting cleaner technologies.

 

Previous Year Questions

Q1. The jet aircrafts fly very easily and smoothly in the lower atmosphere. What could be the appropriate explanation?
(i) There are no clouds or water vapour in the lower stratosphere.
(ii) There are no vertical winds in the lower stratosphere. Which of the statements given above is/are correct in this context?
a) i only
b) ii only
c) Both i and ii
d) Neither i nor ii

Explanation: The stratosphere is free from water vapour and dust particles. Absence of clouds and any other factors which may contribute to turbulence in the air makes it a perfect layer fare flying jet aircrafts.

 

Q2. The formation of ozone hole in the Antarctic region has been a cause of concern. What could be the reason for the formation of this hole?
a) Presence of prominent tropospheric turbulence; and inflow of Chloro-fluoro carbons.
b) Presence of prominent polar front and stratospheric clouds; and inflow of chlorofluorocarbons.
c) Absence of polar front and stratospheric clouds; and inflow of methane and chlorofluorocarbons.
d) Increased temperature at polar region due to global warming.

Explanation: The severe depletion of stratospheric ozone in late winter and early spring in the Antarctic is known as the “ozone hole”. The formation of the Antarctic ozone hole is due to abundant reactive halogen gases, temperature’s low enough to form Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs), isolation of air from other stratospheric regions and sunlight. Presence of prominent polar front and stratospheric clouds; and inflow of chlorofluoro carbons (CFC) accelerates the ozone layer formation in Antarctica.

 

Class Quiz

Q1. What does the Air Quality Index (AQI) measure?
a) Humidity levels in the atmosphere
b) Concentration of greenhouse gases
c) Pollution levels in the air
d) Atmospheric pressure variations

 

Q2. Match the layers of Earth’s atmosphere (List-I) with their altitudinal ranges (List-II):
Question
Codes:
a) A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1
b) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
c) A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
d) A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1

 

Q3.Match the components of the primordial atmosphere (List-I) with their approximate proportions (List-II):-

Question
Codes:
a) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
b) A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
c) A-3, B-2, C-4, D-1
d) A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1

 

Q4. Match the column:
Question
Codes:
a) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
b) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
c) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
d) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4

 

Q5. What role did the escape of lighter gases like hydrogen and helium play in shaping Earth’s early atmosphere?
a) They contributed to the formation of the ozone layer
b) They influenced the development of early life forms
c) They led to the loss of water vapour from the atmosphere
d) They facilitated the formation of volcanic eruptions

 

Q6. Match the components of the National Clean Air Program (List-1) with their objectives (List -II):-
Question
Codes:
a) A-2, B-3, C-1
b) A-2, B-1, C-3
c) A-3, B-2, C-1
d) A-1, B-2, C-3

 

Q7. Match the following pollutants with their impact on air quality:-
Question
Codes:
a) A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1
b) A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
c) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
d) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1

 

Q8. Which atmospheric layer is characterized by the presence of the ozone layer?
a) Troposphere
b) Mesosphere
c) Stratosphere
d) Thermosphere

This is all about the Geography Class-3 Atmosphere. In next class, we will discuss about the Temperature, Factors affecting temperature, Distribution of temperature etc.

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Geography Class-3 Atmosphere

 

Geography Class-2

by
Geography Class-2 PDF

[pdf-embedder url=”https://www.iaspcsprep.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Geography-Class-2.pdf” title=”Geography (Class-2)”]

The link of PDF of this Geography Class-2 is given below the explanation of the class, you can download the PDF by going below.

 

Geography Class-2

In this Geography Class-2, we will discuss about the Geography, Shape of Earth, Reasons for occurring Seasons etc.

Topics to be covered in this Article :-

  • Introduction to Geography
  • Shape of the Earth
  • Reasons for occurring Seasons
  • Zones of Earth

 

Geography

The word “Geography” is derived from two Greek words :- “Geo” and “Graphy”. Geo means Earth and Graphy word comes from
the word “Graphine” – means “to describe”.

∴ Geography means “the description of Earth”.

In simple terms, Geography is all about learning and understanding our planet Earth—its land, water, weather, and the people and animals that live on it. It’s like exploring a big puzzle, figuring out where things are and why they are there. Geography helps us know more about our world and how we interact with it every day.

Father of Geography : Eratosthenes

 

Shape of the Earth

The shape of the Earth is best described as an oblate spheroid (Geoid Shape). This means that it’s mostly spherical, like a ball, but slightly flattened at the poles and slightly bulging at the equator. Imagine a ball that’s been squished a bit on the top and bottom. This shape is due to the Earth’s rotation, which causes a slight outward force at the equator and flattens the poles. So, it’s kind of like a slightly flattened ball. That’s why it’s called an oblate spheroid.

Shape of the Earth
Image Credit : https://www.brainkart.com/article/Shape-and-size-of-the-Earth_33761/

 

Reasons for occurring Seasons

There are 2 main reasons for the occurrence of seasons and these are :-

  • 1. Revolution of Earth
  • 2. Axial Tilt of Earth
Reasons for occurring Seasons
Image Credit : https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-resources/backgrounders/why-do-we-have-seasons

1. Revolution of Earth: Imagine Earth as a passenger on a giant merry-go-round, with the sun as the center. This merry-go-round doesn’t just spin in one place; it travels around the sun in a big loop. This journey is what we call Earth’s revolution. It takes about 365 days for Earth to complete one full trip around the sun.

As Earth moves along its path, different parts of it receive varying amounts of sunlight. When one part is closer to the sun, it gets more direct sunlight, making it warmer. This is what we experience as summer. Meanwhile, when that part moves away from the sun, it receives less direct sunlight, leading to cooler temperatures – that’s winter.

Equinoxes and Solstices: There are four main points in the Earth’s orbit that mark the beginning of each season. These are called the equinoxes and solstices.

  • Spring Equinox: Around March 21st, the tilt of the Earth is such that both hemispheres receive about the same amount of sunlight. This marks the beginning of spring.
  • Summer Solstice: Around June 21st, the hemisphere tilted towards the sun receives the most sunlight, making it the longest day of the year and the beginning of summer.
  • Autumn Equinox: Around September 22nd, the tilt of the Earth is again such that both hemispheres receive about the same amount of sunlight, marking the beginning of autumn.
  • Winter Solstice: Around December 21st, the hemisphere tilted away from the sun receives the least sunlight, making it the shortest day of the year and the beginning of winter.
Axial Tilt of Earth
Image Credit : https://stock.adobe.com/in/images/axial-tilt-of-earth

2. Axial Tilt of Earth: Now, let’s imagine Earth as a spinning top that’s slightly tilted to one side. This tilt is what we call Earth’s axial tilt. It’s like if you were to lean a top slightly as you spin it. Earth’s axis is an imaginary line that runs through its North and South Poles, and this tilt causes different parts of the planet to be angled towards or away from the sun as it revolves.

Because of this tilt, the sunlight hits the Earth’s surface at different angles throughout the year. When one hemisphere (half of Earth) is tilted towards the sun, it gets more direct sunlight and experiences warmer temperatures. This is summer for that hemisphere. Meanwhile, the other hemisphere is tilted away from the sun, receiving less direct sunlight and experiencing cooler temperatures – this is winter for that hemisphere.

The occurrence of seasons on Earth is a result of the combined effects of Earth’s revolution around the Sun and its axial tilt. These two factors work together to create variations in sunlight intensity and day length throughout the year, shaping the climate and natural rhythms of life on our planet.

 

Zones of Earth

The Earth is divided into several distinct climatic zones based on latitude and other geographical factors. These zones play a crucial role in determining the weather patterns, biodiversity, and ecosystems across the planet. These zones are as follows:-

1. Polar / Frigid Zones:

    • Located near the North and South Poles, extending from approximately 66.5 degrees to the respective poles.
    • Characterized by extremely cold temperatures, with long winters and short, cool summers.
    • Vegetation is sparse, consisting mainly of mosses, lichens, and small shrubs. Animal life includes species adapted to cold conditions, such as polar bears, seals, and penguins.

 

2. Tropical / Torrid Zone:

    • Situated near the equator, between the Tropic of Cancer (23.5 degrees north) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 degrees south).
    • Experiences consistently high temperatures throughout the year, with little variation between seasons.
    • Rich biodiversity, with lush rainforests, diverse plant species, and a wide array of animal life including tropical birds, monkeys, and reptiles.

 

3. Temperate Zones:

    • Found between the tropics and the polar regions, roughly from 23.5 to 66.5 degrees north and south of the equator.
    • Moderate temperatures with distinct seasons: warm summers and cool winters.
    • Diverse vegetation including deciduous and coniferous forests, grasslands, and mixed forests.
    • Supports a wide range of wildlife including deer, bears, wolves, and various bird species.

 

4. Subtropical Zones:

    • Located adjacent to the tropical zones, roughly between 23.5 and 35 degrees north and south of the equator.
    • Characterized by warm to hot temperatures year-round, with relatively mild winters.
    • Vegetation includes a mix of tropical and temperate species, with areas of grasslands, shrubs, and scattered trees.
    • Wildlife is diverse, with species adapted to both tropical and temperate conditions.

These zones play a crucial role in shaping the Earth’s climate, weather patterns, and ecosystems. They influence everything from the distribution of plant and animal species to human activities and cultures. Understanding these zones is essential for comprehending the complex dynamics of the Earth’s biosphere.

Zones of Earth
Image Credit : https://brainly.in/question/18656598

 

 

Previous Year Questions

Q1. On 21st June, the sun (2019)
a) does not set below the horizon at the Arctic circle.
b) does not set below the horizon at the Antarctic Circle.
c) shines vertically overhead at noon on the Equator.
d) shines vertically overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn.

Explanation: 21st June is the longest day in the Northern Hemisphere, technically this day is referred to as “Summer Solstice”. On 21st June, the Tropic of Cancer is tilted towards the sun i.e. the sun is always above the horizon and does not set below the horizon at the Arctic Circle. After the summer solstice, the sun starts to sink towards the horizon. As the rays of the sun fall directly on the Tropic of Cancer, the northern hemisphere experience more heat.

 

Q2. Variations in the length of daytime and night-time from season to season are due to (2013)
a) the earth’s rotation on its axis.
b) the earth’s revolution round the sun in an elliptical manner.
c) latitudinal position of the place.
d) revolution of the earth on a tilted axis.

Explanation: Variations in the length of daytime and night-time from season to season are due to the “revolution of the Earth on a tilted axis”. Our earth is revolving around the sun in on elliptical orbit, and one complete revolution around the sun takes the time period of one year. During this one year long revolution process, the distance between the earth and sun changes continuously, because there is no constant diameter of the elliptical orbit and this changes of distance are the main reason behind the change of day time and night-time expansions.
The above 3 options (a), (b) and (c) does not directly affect the variations in the length of daytime and night- time from season to reason.

 

Class Quiz

Q1. The Earth is best described as which of the following shapes?
a) Perfect sphere
b) Oblate spheroid
c) Cube
d) Cylinder

 

Q2. Match the column:
question 2
Codes:
a) A-1, B-2, C-3
b) A-2, B-3, C-1
c) A-3, B-1, C-2
d) A-1, B-3, C-2

 

Q3. Which geographic zone is characterized by cold temperatures year-round and long periods of darkness in winter?
a) Tropical Zone
b) Temperate zone
c) Polar Zone
d) Equatorial zone

 

Q4. Match the column:
question 4
Codes:
a) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
b) A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1
c) A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
d) A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1

 

Q5. The shape of the Earth was first determined by:
a) Aristotle
b) Nicolaus Copernicus
c) Galileo Galilei
d) Eratosthenes

 

This is all about the Geography Class-2. In next class, we will discuss about the Atmosphere, Origin of Atmosphere, Structure of Atmosphere etc.

Some Important Links
Geography Class-2 YouTube Short Video
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Geography Class-2

 

History Class-4 IVC Part-2

by
History Class-4 IVC Part-2 PDF

[pdf-embedder url=”https://www.iaspcsprep.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/History-Class-4.pdf” title=”History (Class-4)”]

The link of PDF of this History Class-4 IVC Part-2 is given below the explanation of the class, you can download the PDF by going below.

 

History Class-4 IVC Part-2

In this History Class-4 IVC Part-2, we will discuss about the Agriculture & Allied activities of the Harappans, Socio-religious aspects of Harappa, etc.

Topics to be covered in this Article :-

  • Agriculture & Allied activities of the Harappans
  • The Socio-Religious aspects of Harappa
  • Decline of the Harappans

 

Agriculture & Allied activities of the Harappans

The sources to know about the agriculture and allied activities of the Harappans are mainly – the Seals and the Pottery.

Sources :- Seals and Pottery

Unicorn Seal
Image Credit : https://www.harappa.com/blog/seals-and-sodalities
Elephant Seal
Image Credit : https://benedante.blogspot.com/

•(1). The Harappans used to also practice agriculture to support not only villagers, but also urban dwellers.

•(2). The evidences of ploughfield from Kalibangan and the evidences of the Teracotta model of plough from Banawali are sufficient to indicate their agrarian practice. However, there is no evidence of wooden plough of the Harappans.

•(3). Irrigation was practiced but not through Canal System. Unlike the Mesopotamians, the Harappans used to irrigate the land through wells and river waters.

•(4). We have found some evidences of a rudimentary level of irrigation through Canal System at Shortughai and Lothal.

•(5). The knowledge of water management and rain-water harvesting has been found from the site Dholavira (in Runn of Kutch) in Gujarat (Kadir island).

•(6). Dholavira has shown a unique system of water harvesting and water management in the form of small dams construction.

•(7). From Dholavira site, the biggest signboard having a longest script of the Harappans has been found and lastly the stone monuments found from Dholavira are the exception among the all Harappan sites.

•(8). The Harappans had the knowledge of various animals and crops such as elephant, camel, tiger, Rhinos, Bulls and even Unicorn (a mythical animal). However, the Harappans have not shown a considerable evidence of their knowledge and utility of cows and horses.

•(9). From the sites of Surkotada, kuntasi etc., the remnants of Horse like animal has been found off the Late Harappan phase.

•(10). Harappans were perhaps the first to produce cotton and using the cotton textiles in the world. Therefore, in the Greek writing, the word “Sindon” has been used for cotton produced in the Indian Subcontinent for various centuries.

•(11). The Harappans also used to produce the crops like wheat, Barley, Rice, Pulses, Vegetables etc. Meat consumption was also common in their diet.

 

The Socio-Religious Aspects of Harappa

Priest King
Image Credit : https://twitter.com/abdaal/status/1618680968155652096
Pashupati Seal
Image Credit : https://mapacademy.io/article/pashupati-seal/
Great Bath
Image Credit : https://www.harappa.com/slide/great-bath-mohenjo-daro-0

•(1). According to some Scholars, the Harappan Society was not egalitarian (not equal). However, the Merchant or Priestly class must have been the dominant players in the Harappan society. For e.g. :— In Mesopotamia, the Priestly Class was the dominant section of the society.

•(2). The evidences from the Harappan sites such as Harappa, Lothal, Mohenjodaro etc. have shown the evidences of Granaries for food stocks and at the same time, small quarters made for the labourers or workers or slaves may have been also used by the Harappans.

•(3). The emergence of Hindu-Religious practices can also be traced from the Harappan times. For e.g. :—
→a). The worshipping of Pashupati Cult is traced from the seal found from Mohenjodaro by John Marshall.
→b). The worshipping of Mother Goddess in the form of Teracotta figurines also began by the Harappans.
→c). The worshipping of plants, trees and animals like Peepal tree, Shami tree and Snakes also began by the Harappans.
→d). The use of Fire-altars found from the sites like Kalibangan, Lothal, Banawali etc. again indicate the differences in their practices within the vast area of Harappan culture because Fire-altar has not been found from any Harappan site.
→e). Unlike the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, no temple has been found from the Harappan site except the Great Bath of Mohenjodaro perhaps used for Religious Ablutions (bathing).

 

Decline of the Harappans

→1). The Population Growth theory
→2). The Climatic Changes theory
→3). The shifting of river waters – causing frequent floods.
→4). Dryness of rivers due to Geological factors
→5). Aryan Invasion theory

The decline of Harappa has to be understood in the backdrop of the following theories given by various scholars such as :—

•(1). Fairservis has given the theory of Population Growth causing pressure on the resources of the Harappans.

•(2). Similarly, Allchin & Allchin has given the theory of Climatic Changes and causing the decline of the Harappans. The Harappans used the baked bricks on a massive scale indicating they must have used the forest products for burning the mud bricks. Hence, compromising the ecological balance of the area.

•(3). H.T. Lambrick has given the theory of shifting of river-course of river Indus behind the flooding of Mohenjodaro and Chanhudaro cities of Harappa. Since, Mohenjodaro being the capital of Harappa was destroyed multiple times due to floodings. Therefore, a centralised control over the Harappan Cities may have been lost completely.

•(4). The dryness of the river water of Ghaggar and Hakra (ancient Saraswati) caused due to the geological factors adversely affected the majority of the Harappan cities. The natural factors such as earthquake, rock-faulting, lack/ failure of monsoon etc. also contributed in the decline of the Harappans.

•(5). The most controversial theory regarding the decline of Harappans is the Aryan Invasion theory. Ram Prasad Chanda was the first scholar who gave this theory in 1920s and subsequently withdrew his theory as well.

•(6). However the scholars like V. Gorden Childe and Mortimer Wheeler have popularized the Aryan Invasion theory on the basis of following factors :—
→ (i) God Indra in Rigveda has also been called as “Purandara” that means “destroyer of forts”.

→ (ii) Battle of Hariyupia is mentioned in Rigveda fought between the Aryans and non-Aryans who have been identified as the Harappans by these scholars.

→ (iii) The existence of Cemetry-H culture on the southwest of Harappa belong to an alien people who may have destroyed the Harappans. However, this theory is rejected by the modern Historians like P.V. Kane, B.B. Lal, George F. Dales. According to them, there is no evidence of attack of Aryans upon the Harappans. Secondly, there is a difference of more than 200 years between the decline of Harappa and the origin of Aryans in India and Thirdly, there was no any Sudden end of Harappans, rather there are evidences of the overlap of the Harappan and other cultures between 1800 to 1500 BCE as well. For e.g. :— Bargaon & Ambakheri villages of UP have shown the evidences of the existence of the OCP (Ochre-Coloured Pottery) culture with the Harappan culture. Similarly, from Bhagwanpura, Dadheri, Katpaloan sites found in Punjab have shown the evidence of the co-existence of PGW (Painted Grey-Ware) cultures with the Harappan people. Hence, it was the Harappan Civilization which declined but their culture continued with some changes to the present generation such as Pashupati cult wearing of Bangles.

 

Class Quiz

Q1. Which of the following sites has yielded evidences of double burial?
a) Kuntasi
b) Dholavira
c) Lothal
d) Kalibangan

Q2. Match list-I with list-II and select the correct answer by using the code given below:-
list-I (Harappan Settlement)        list-II (River on which located)
A. Harappa                                  1. Bhogawati
B. Kalibangan                              2. Ghaggar
C. Lothal                                      3. Ravi
D. Ropar                                      4. SutlejMaharashtra
Codes:-
a) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
b) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
c) A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1
d) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4

Q3. What was the social organization of the Indus Valley Civilization believed to be?
a) Matriarchal
b) Patriarchal
c) Egalitarian
d) Caste-based

Q4. Which structure in Mohenjodaro is believed to have been used for public gatherings and religious ceremonies?
a) Granary
b) Great Bath
c) Citadel
d) Assembly Hall

Q5. Which of the following is NOT correctly matched?
a) Harappa – Daya Ram Sahni
b) Lothal – S.R.Rao
c) Surkotada – J.P. Joshi
d) Dholavira – B.K. Thapar

Q6. Famous bull-seal of Indus Valley Civilization was found from which site?
a) Harappa
b) Chanhudaro
c) Mohenjodaro
d) Both a and c

Q7. What is the term used to describe the distinctive pottery style of the Harappan Civilization?
a) Black Polished Ware
b) Red Ware
c) Painted Grey-Ware
d) Black-and-Red Ware

Q8. The decline of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) is attributed to:-
a) Invasion by foreign tribes
b) Climate change and ecological factors
c) Economic Collapse
d) All of the above

Q9. Which Harappan site is known for its dockyard and maritime trade?
a) Harappa
b) Mohenjodaro
c) Lothal
d) Kalibangan

Q10. What was the main crop cultivated by the Harappans?
a) Pulses
b) Rice
c) Barley
d) Millet

 

Some Important Links
History Class-4 YouTube Short Video Click Here
Download History Class-4 PDF Click Here

 

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History Class-4 IVC Part-2

 

History Class-3 IVC Part-1

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History Class-3 IVC Part-1 PDF

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The link of PDF of this History Class-3 IVC Part-1 is given below the explanation of the class, you can download the PDF by going below.

 

History Class-3 IVC Part-1

In this History Class-3 IVC Part-1, we will discuss about the Harappan Civilization, Origin of Harappans, etc.

Topics to be covered in this Article :-

  • The Harappan Civilization
  • Origin Of Harappans
  • The Extent of Empire and Urbanization

 

The Harappan Civilization

The Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley civilization, was one of the world’s earliest urban civilizations. Flourishing in the vast floodplains of the Indus River and its tributaries, the civilization emerged around 3300 BCE and thrived for nearly 2,000 years, until around 1300 BCE. Named after the modern-day city of Harappa in Pakistan, where its remains were first discovered, the Harappan civilization encompassed a large area extending from modern-day northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India.

 

Origin of Harappans

•1). Born out of the womb of Indian Subcontinent in 1922, the sites of Harappa and Mohenjodaro were discovered by the scholars like Dayaram Sahni and Rakhal Das Banerjee respectively. However, John Marshall and Mortimer Wheeler also played a crucial role in the discovery and excavation  of the Harappan cites.

•2). Since, Harappa was the first site excavated by the scholars, It has been named as the “Harappa Civilization”. In other words, Harappa was a type-site.

•3). John Marshall had used the name “Indus Valley Civilization” due to the location of the Harappan sites mainly on river bank Indus. But after India’s Independence, various other sites of Harappa were excavated outside the river Indus mainly in the Ghaggar-Hakra river valley. Therefore, Current Government of India named it the Sindhu-Saraswati Civilization.

•4). According to the Diffusionist theory, the Harappans were the migrants who came from the pockets of West Asia and settle down in the Indian Subcontinent. According to them, on the basis of Racial Study, the Harappans were divided into 4 races:-
(i) Mediterranean race
(ii) Mangoloids race
(iii) Proto – Australoids race
(iv) Alpines race
and majority of the Harappan belongs to the Mediterranean Race. However, the Diffusionist theory has been rejected by the Modern Historians regarding the origin of Harappa, it was long drawn process through which the Harappan Civilization emerged between 2600 BCE and 1900 BCE.

•5). The Neolithic-Chalcolithic Cultures emerged in the Indian Subcontinent from C. 5000 BCE onwards in the form of the sites like Mehargarh, Saraikhola, Rahman-dheri etc. formed the basis for the emergence of pre-harappans and early-harappans in the Indian Subcontinent.

•6). The pre-harappan and early-harappan cultures shared various cultural practices with continuity and change. Therefore, in the mature-harrapan phase many cultural practices of the early-harappans continued with some modifications.

•7). Hence, under the above background. the Harappan Civilization emerged due to the strong-will and hard labour of the Harappans from 2600 BCE onwards.

•8). The equation i.e. R1 + R2   +  R3 = Harappan Civilization well establishes the process of the emergence of Harappan civilization where  R1 stands for the perfect balance between the Harappan Cities and the villages in the surrounding whereas R2 stands for a balance between the city to city interaction within the Harappan territories and  R3 stands for a perfect relationship between the cities of Harappa with the other cities of contemporary civilizations as Mesopotamia (Irag), Sumeria (Gulf Nations), and Egyptian and Mycenean (Greek) civilizations.

♦♦ It is important to note here, as long as the Harappans were able to maintain a perfect balance between R1 , R2   and  R3, they prospered in the Indian Subcontinent, but when they compromised it, the decline of the Harappans was set-in.

Extent of Empire
Image Credit : https://www.quora.com/

The Extent of Empire and Urbanization

According to some scholars, the Harappans may have been an Empire because of the following reasons:-
•1). It was an extensive civilization extended from Sutkagendor in the west on the Makran Coast to Alamgirpur near Meerut of UP as the eastern point of the Harappans. Similarly, Manda in Kashmir and Daimabad in Maharashtra are the Northern and Southern-most point of the Harappans.

•2). Shortughai on the border of Afghanistan and Pakistan acted as the overland post of Harappa for trade and commerce. Hence, Harappans were extended to a vast area of 2.18 million square kilometers which is much bigger than the Egyptian Civilization and even today’s Pakistan.

•3). The level of Uniformity found in the bricks, seals, ceilings, weights and measures across the Harappan cities indicate a centralized control may have been exercised by some authority either it could be Priest or the king.

•4). However, Some Historians are are of the opinion that Harappans may have been controlled by some Mercantile class because of their engagement in the trade and commercial activities. For e.g.:- the Lothal Dockyard.

Lothal Dockyard
Image Credit : https://www.quora.com/

Map
Image Credit : https://www.quora.com/

 

•5). The most important contribution of Harappa to the modern civilization happens to be their urban characteristics such as:-
→ (A.) Their town planning used to consist of the main features like:-

  • (i) Fortification
  • (ii) laying down the town planning into forms:- (a) Citadel and; (b) lower towns.

     However, there are 2 exceptions:-

  • (a) Chanhudaro lacks Citadel.
  • (b) Dholavira has middle town in between.
  • (iii) Well-planned states designed on the Grid-pattern where normally the roads or states used to interact with each other at 90o.
  • (iv) The emphasis on cleanliness and hygiene by the Harappans were par excellence on the parameters of even the modern days.
  • (v) The construction of houses and buildings was designed upon the “English-bond” style under which the bricks were placed or
    laid down in a typical arrangement i.e. vertical along with horizontal bricks.

→ (B.) The urban pattern of Harappa was supported by their trade and commerce and the agricultural practices performed by the nearby villages. Even some harappan cities used to perform the practice of agriculture. For eg.:- Kalibangan in Rajasthan has shown the evidence of the ploughed field. Similarly, Lothal has shown the evidence of the Bazaar Street of the Harappa. Lothal and Mohenjodaro have been as the “Mound of the Dead” because of discovering the skeletons of the Harappans from these sites.

→ (C.) Because of their long-distance trade, the Harappan towns were able to prosper during 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. For e.g.:- The inscription of the King Sargaon of Akkad dated 2350 BCE mentions the ships of Dilmun, Magan, and Meluhha used to dock on the parts of Ur, Kish, Nippur, Susa of the Mesopotamian Civilization.

 

Practice Question

Ques. The ancient civilization in Indian Sub-continent differed from those of Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece that its culture and traditions have been preserved without a breakdown to the present day. Comment. (200 words) (2015)

 

Class Quiz

Q1. The Great Bath, found in the excavations of the Harappan city of Mohenjodaro, was likely used for:-
a) Religious rituals
b) Daily bathing
c) Agricultural irrigation
d) Cooking purposes

Q2. Match list-I with list-II and select the correct answer from the code given below:-
list-I (Harappan Site)        list-II (Location)
A. Manda                        1. Rajasthan
B. Daimabad                   2. Haryana
C. Kalibangan                 3. Jammu and Kashmir
D. Rakhigarhi                  4. Maharashtra
Codes:-
a) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
b) A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1
c) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
d) A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3

Q3. Ploughed field was discovered at which site?
a) Mohenjodaro
b) Kalibangan
c) Harappa
d) Lothal

Q4. What evidence suggests that Harappan society was well-organized?
a) Standardized weights and measures
b) Hierarchical social structure.
c) Strict caste system
d) Heavy taxation

Q5. Which of the following was NOT a feature of Harappan cities?
a) Well-planned streets
b) Advanced drainage system
c) Fortified walls
d) Pyramids

Q6. What was the primary material used for the construction of houses in Harappan cities?
a) Wood
b) Stone
c) Mud bricks
d) Concrete

 

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History Class-3 IVC Part-1

 

GS Quiz-2

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GS Quiz-2

GS Quiz-2

1 / 10

1. Which one of the following is the best example of repeated falls in sea level, giving rise to present-day extensive marshland? (निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा एक, समुद्र स्तर में पुनरावर्ती गिरावट का सर्वोत्तम उदाहरण है, जिससे वर्तमान समय की सुविस्तृत कच्छभूमि उत्पन्न हुई है?)

2 / 10

2. With reference to India, consider the following statements: (भारत के संदर्भ में, निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए:)

  1. Retail investors through demat account can invest in ‘Treasury Bill’ and ‘Government of India Debt Bonds’ in primary market. (खुदरा निवेशक डीमैट खातों के माध्यम से प्राथमिक बाजार में ‘राजकोष बिल (ट्रेजरी बिल)’ और ‘भारत सरकार के ऋण बॉन्ड’ में निवेश कर सकते हैं।)
  2. The ‘Negotiated Dealing System-Order Matching’ is a government securities trading platform of the Reserve Bank of India. (‘बातचीत से तय लेनदेन प्रणाली-ऑर्डर मिलान (निगोशिएटेड डीलिंग सिस्टम ऑर्डर मैचिंग)’ भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक का सरकारी प्रतिभूति व्यापारिक मंच है।)
  3. The ‘Central Depository Services Ltd.’ is jointly promoted by the Reserve Bank of India and the Bombay Stock Exchange. (‘सेंट्रल डिपोज़िटरी सर्विसेज लिमिटेड’ का भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक एवं बम्बई स्टॉक एक्सचेंज द्वारा संयुक्त रूप से प्रवर्तन किया जाता है।)

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (उपर्युक्त कथनों में से कौन-सा / कौन-से सही है/हैं?)

3 / 10

3. With reference to the provisions contained in Part IV of the Constitution of India, which of

the following statements is/are correct? (भारत के संविधान के भाग IV अंतर्विष्ट प्रावधानों के संदर्भ में, निम्नलिखित कथनों में से कौन - सा /से सही है/हैं?)

  1. They shall be enforceable by courts. (वे न्यायालयों द्वारा प्रवर्तनीय होंगे।)
  2. They shall not be enforceable by any court. (वे किसी भी न्यायालय द्वारा प्रवर्तनीय नहीं होंगे।)
  3. The principles laid down in this part are to influence the making of laws by the State. (इस भाग में अधिकथित सिद्धान्त राज्य के द्वारा कानून बनाने को प्रभावित करेंगे।)

Select the correct answer using the code given below: (नीचे दिए गए कूट का प्रयोग कर सही उत्तर चुनिए:)

4 / 10

4. Consider the following statements: (निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए:)

  1. In the first Lok Sabha, the single largest party in the opposition was the Swatantra Party. (पहली लोक सभा में विपक्ष में सबसे बड़ा राजनीतिक दल स्वतन्त्र पार्टी था।)
  2. In the Lok Sabha, a "Leader of the Opposition" was recognised for the first time in 1969. (लोक सभा में "नेता प्रतिपक्ष" को सर्वप्रथम 1969 में मान्यता दी गई थी।)
  3. In the Lok Sabha, if a party does not have a minimum of 75 members, its leader cannot be recognised as the Leader of the Opposition. (लोक सभा में यदि किसी दल के न्यूनतम 75 सदस्य न हों तो उसके नेता को नेता प्रतिपक्ष रूप में मान्यता नहीं मिल सकती है।)

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (उपर्युक्त कथनों में से कौन-सा/से सही है/हैं?)

5 / 10

5. The object of the Butler Committee of 1927 was to (1927 की बटलर कमेटी का उद्देश्य था)

6 / 10

6. Consider the following statements: (निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए:)

The India-Africa Summit (भारत-अफ्रीका शिखर सम्मेलन (इंडिया अफ्रीका सम्मिट))

  1. held in 2015 was the third such Summit (जो 2015 में हुआ, तीसरा सम्मेलन था)
  2. was actually initiated by Jawaharlal Nehru in 1951 (की शुरुआत वास्तव में 1951 में जवाहरलाल नेहरू द्वारा की गई थी)

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (उपर्युक्त कथनों में से कौन-सा/से सही है/हैं?)

7 / 10

7. Consider the following statements: (निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए:)

  1. Animal Welfare Board of India is established under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. (भारतीय पशु कल्याण बोर्ड, पर्यावरण (संरक्षण) अधिनियम, 1986 के अधीन स्थापित है।)
  2. National Tiger Conservation Authority is a statutory body. (राष्ट्रीय बाघ संरक्षण प्राधिकरण एक सांविधिक निकाय है।)
  3. National Ganga River Basin Authority is chaired by the Prime Minister. (राष्ट्रीय गंगा नदी द्रोणी प्राधिकरण की अध्यक्षता प्रधानमंत्री करते हैं।)

Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (उपर्युक्त कथनों में से कौन-सा /से सही है/हैं?)

8 / 10

8. Photochemical smog is a resultant of the reaction among (प्रकाश-रासायनिक धूम का बनना किनके बीच अभिक्रिया का परिणाम होता है?)

9 / 10

9. The Congress ministries resigned in the seven provinces in 1939, because (1939 में कांग्रेस मंत्रिमण्डल ने सात प्रान्तों में त्यागपत्र दे दिया था, क्योंकि)

10 / 10

10. Consider the following: (निम्नलिखित पर विचार कीजिए:)

  1. Photosynthesis (प्रकाशसंश्लेषण)
  2. Respiration (श्वसन)
  3. Decay of organic matter (जैव पदार्थों का अपक्षय)
  4. Volcanic action (ज्वालामुखी क्रियाएं)

Which of the above add carbon dioxide to the carbon cycle on Earth? (उपर्युक्त में से कौन-सी क्रियाएं पृथ्वी के कार्बन चक्र में कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड जोड़ती हैं?)

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History Class-2 Pre-Historic Period

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History Class-2 Pre-Historic Period PDF

[pdf-embedder url=”https://www.iaspcsprep.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/History-Class-2.pdf” title=”History (Class-2)”]

The link of PDF of this History Class-2 is given below the explanation of the class, you can download the PDF by going below.

 

History Class-2 Pre-Historic Period

In this History Class-2, we will discuss about the Introduction to History, Sources of History, Periods of History, etc.

Topics to be covered in this Article :-

  • Introduction to History
  • Historic System of Dating
  • Methods of Dating in History
  • Sources of History
  • Periods of History
  • Pre-Historic Period

 

Introduction to History

  • The word “History” originates from the Greek word “Historia” which means inquiry or knowledge acquired by the investigation.
  • History refers to the study of past events set in chronological order.
  • In simple language, History is all about the study of past events to understand your present and to make your future much better.
  • Father of History : Herodotus
  • Father of Modern History : Leopold von Ranke
  • Father of Indian History : Megasthenes

 

Historic System of Dating

Historic System of Dating

Time in History is calculated in years using BC (BCE) Before Christ (Before Common Era) and AD (CE) Anno Domini (Common Era).

Note :- BC Dates work as negative numbers. e.g.: 2000 BC is much further in the past than 200 BC.

 

Methods of Dating in History

The methods of dating in history are as follows :-

  • Radiocarbon Dating :- It is also referred to as Carbon-14 (C-14) dating. C-14 is a weak radioactive isotope of carbon. It is a method that uses the decay of Carbon-14 to estimate the age of organic materials as old as approximately 60000 years. An age could be estimated by measuring the amount of Carbon-14 present in the sample and comparing this against an internationally used reference standard.
  • Pollen Analysis :- The history of climate and vegetation is known through examining plant residues, especially through Pollen Analysis. On this basis, it is suggested that agriculture was practiced in Rajasthan and Kashmir around 7000-6000 BC.
  • Dendro-chronology :- It refers to the number of tree rings in wood. By counting the number of tree rings in the wood, the date of the wood could be arrived, So, it is the scientific method of dating tree rings (also called growth rings) to the exact year they were formed in a tree.

 

Sources of History

♦ Records of past events are the Sources of History.
♦ The Sources of History are broadly categorized as :- 1) Archaeological Sources, 2) Literary Sources.

1.) Archaeological Sources :- Archaeological Sources are the sources that include material evidence such as the remains of monuments or ancient buildings, pottery, tools, coins, inscriptions, paintings, etc. These are the sources that have no written records available. The archaeological sources are as follows :-

  • Fossil remains
  • Monuments
  • Artifacts
  • Inscriptions
  • Coins
  • Sculpture and Paintings

2.) Literary Sources :- Literary Sources are the sources that have written records available such as manuscripts, literature, biographies, etc. The literary sources are as follows :-

  • Manuscripts
  • Literature
  • Language
  • Foreigners’ Writings

 

Periods of History

Periods of History

 

Pre-Historic Period

Pre-Historic Period

 

Lower Palaeolithic Phase
(Image Source: https://www.doorsteptutor.com/Exams/)

 

(I). Palaeolithic Age

→ (1). The Palaeolithic Age in the Indian Subcontinent began in the period of 20 lakh years ago till 4 lakh years from the present time.

→ (2). Lower Palaeolithic Age:- The Lower Palaeolithic age is characterized by the emergence of 2 traditions of stone tools such as Achuelian and Sohanian.

  • (a.) Achuelian Tradition:-
    (i) This tradition is identified with the use of Hand axes and Cleavers.
    (ii) Dr. Robert Bruce Foote had discovered the first Hand Axe from Pallavaram near Chennai in 1863 and subsequently Cleaver from Attirampakkam was also discovered.
    (iii) The sites of Achuelian tradition are missing in the Western Ghats, Coastal Areas and in the North-eastern part of India due to heavy rainfall.
  • (b) Sohanian Tradition:-
    (i) The Sohanian tradition is identified with Chopper and Chopping tools which were based upon the flaking technique.
    (ii) The sites of this tradition have been found mainly in the packet of the river bank of Sohan in today’s Pakistan.
    Therefore, right from the beginning of the evolution of mankind in India there were the existence of multiple stone based cultures.

→ (3). Middle and Upper Palaeolithic Age:-

  • (a). In this phase, the Home-Habilis was fully transformed into the Home-Erectus (i.e. Bi-pedal Ape).
  • (b). H.D. Sankalia had discovered various middle palaeolithic sites near Maharashtra. the river bank of Pravara located in Maharashtra.
  • (c). The Flake industry was now well-established and the tools like scrapers, borers, points etc. were added into the list of stone tools.
  • (d). The Upper Palaeolithic age is known for the emergence of Home Sapiens for the first time on the Earth as well as in India.
  • (e). Dr. Vishnu Wakankar was the first who discovered the caves of Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh through which we came to know about the cave paintings for the first time.
  • (f). Subsequently more than a dozen of caves were discovered in Bhimbetka from the Palaeolithic to Mesolithic era in the form of the Rock-paintings. Besides Bhimbetka caves like Lakhu-diyar (in Uttarakhand), Azamgarh (in Vindhyas) have also shown the evidences of rock-paintings and mesolithic art.

 

(II). Mesolithic Period

The Mesolithic period is identified with the following features:-
→(1). Homo Sapiens were the chief architect of this culture in around 10000 BCE in India.
→(2). They learnt the art of use of fire for cooking food or baking milk and also warming themselves in the cold climatic conditions.
→(3). Microliths discovered by C.L. Carlyle were identified with this phase in the form of small and sharp stone tools designed on the geometric pattern.
→(4). The transformation of early human being into a sedentary life or settled life have started from this era as the domestication of animals was practiced first by the people of mesolithic culture.
→(5). There are some important sites like Chopani Mande (UP), Mahadaha (UP), Damdama (UP), Ragore (Rajasthan) and Tilwara (Rajasthan).

 

(III). Neolithic Period

→(1). The term “Neolithic” was coined by John Lubbock. It means the era of new stone age.
→(2). This era has said to begun in the Indian Subcontinent from circa (approx) 10000 BCE onwards.
→(3). This era also witnessed a climatic transformation i.e. Pleistocene era (cold climatic) was changing into the Holocene era (warm climatic).
→(4). Home-Sapiens Sapiens (Modern Man) became the chief architect of the Neolithic culture which is identified on the basis of following features:-

  • (a). The beginning of Agriculture, for e.g.→ Mehargarh in the Bolan Valley of Baluchistan in today’s Pakistan is the oldest Agriculture site in the Indian Sub- continent shown the evidences of the cultivation of Wheat, Barley and Cotton (c. 7000 BCE).
  • (b). The people of this culture started living on a permanent piece of land. Therefore, the Pastoral hunter-gatherer society transformed into a settled society in this era. For e.g.→ The sites like Jericho (Jordon), Catal Huyuk (Turkey), Tepe Guran (Iran) have shown the evidences of the permanent settlement in West Asia as well.
  • (c). The emergence of large villages was also a chief characteristic of the neolithic culture.
  • (d). Pottery was invented for the first time in this era and a site of Chopani Mande in UP has given the earliest and the oldest evidence of Pottery (c. 6500 BCE).
  • (e). The neolithic culture has been found in various pockets of India indicating a massive transformation took place in this era. Therefore, V. Gordon Childe has termed it as the “Neolithic Revolution”.
  • (f). The prominent sites of the Neolithic culture have been found in the Northwest and Southern part of India such as Mehargarh, Rana Ghundai, Sarai-khola in the Northwest and Utnur, Piklihal, T. Narsinpur, Paiyampalli etc. from South India.
  • (g). In the Eastern and North-eastern part of India, the sites of Belan Valley of UP such as Koldihawa, Mahagara, Chopani Mando are the prominent sites. In the North-eastern part of India, Daojali Hading in Assam is the most prominent neolithic site.
  • (h). The Neolithic Age contributed in the emergence of various culture across the subcontinent like Burzahom and Gufkral belong to J&K have shown the evidences of the Pit-dwelling and domestication of dogs and other animals from the Neolithic culture. Therefore, there has always been variety of cultural practices followed even in the Neolithic era right from the beginning. It also paved way for the the emergence of Chalcolithic cultures from c. 5000 BCE onwards across the Indian Subcontinent such as Amri, Balathal, Rangpur, Kalibangan etc.
Neolithic Culture
(Image Source: https://www.insightsonindia.com/)

 

Class Quiz

Q1. According to the excavated evidence, the domestication of animals begun in-
a) Lower Palaeolithic period
b) Middle Palaeolithic period
c) Upper Palaeolithic period
d) Mesolithic period

Q2. Name the site which has revealed the earliest evidence of settled life?
a) Dholavira
b) Kile Gul Mohammad
c) Kalibangan
d) Mehargarh

Q3. Given below are the location of four archaeological sites in India:-
(A) Paiyampalli
(B) Bhimbetka
(C) Hunsgi
(D) Burzahom
Which among the following presents the correct order of their locations from North to South?
a) A, B, C, D
b) B, C, A, D
c) B, D, A, C
d) D, B, C, A

Q4. Which of the following is not a subdivision of the Stone Age?
a) Mesolithic Age
b) Iron Age
c) Palaeolithic Age
d) Neolithic Age

Q5. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Neolithic Age?
a) Introduction of agriculture and domestication of animals
b) Emergence of settled agricultural communities
c) Use of advanced metal tools
d) Development of pottery and weaving

Q6. Which hominid species is associated with the Lower Palaeolithic Period?
a) Homo erectus
b) Hamas sapiens
c) Homo habilis
d) Australopithecus

 

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History Class-2 Pre-Historic Period

 

CSAT Quiz-2

by
CSAT Quiz-2

CSAT Quiz-2

1 / 10

1. Let A, B and C represent distinct non- zero digits. Suppose x is the sum of all possible 3-digit numbers formed by A, B and C without repetition.

Consider the following statements:

(मान लीजिए A, B और C शून्येतर हैं और भिन्न अंकों को निरूपित करते हैं। मान लीजिए A, B और C से, बिना किसी अंक को दुबारा प्रयोग किए, बनी 3 अंक की सभी संभव संख्याओं का योग x है।

निम्नलिखित कथनों पर विचार कीजिए:)

  1. The 4-digit least value of x is 1332. (x का 4-अंकीय लघुतम मान 1332 है।)
  2. The 3-digit greatest value of x is 888. (x का 3-अंकीय महत्तम मान 888 है।)

Which of the above statements is/are correct? (उपर्युक्त कथनों में से कौन-सा/से सही है/हैं?)

2 / 10

2.

 Passage (परिच्छेद)

India faces a challenging immediate future in energy and climate policy-making. The problems are multiple sputtering fossil fuel production capabilities; limited access to electricity and modern cooking fuel for the poorest; rising fuel imports in an unstable global energy context; continued electricity pricing and governance challenges leading to its costly deficits or surplus supply; and not least, growing environmental contestation around land, water and air. But all is not bleak: growing energy efficiency programmes; integrated urbanisation and transport policy discussions; inroads to enhancing energy access and security; and bold renewable energy initiatives, even if not fully the promise of

conceptualised, suggest transformation.

(ऊर्जा और जलवायु संबंधी नीति-निर्माण के क्षेत्र में भारत चुनौतीपूर्ण आसन्न भविष्य का सामना कर रहा है । समस्याएँ कई हैं: जीवाश्मी ईंधन की उत्पादन क्षमताओं में अस्थिरता; सबसे ग़रीब लोगों के लिए बिजली और खाना पकाने के आधुनिक ईंधन की सीमित पहुँच; अस्थिर वैश्विक ऊर्जा के संदर्भ में ईंधन के आयात में वृद्धि; बिजली के निरंतर मूल्य निर्धारण और शासन की चुनौतियों के फलस्वरूप बिजली की अत्यधिक कमी अथवा अतिरिक्त आपूर्ति; केवल यही नहीं, भूमि, जल तथा वायु पर बढ़ता हुआ पर्यावरणीय विवाद । किंतु यह सब इतना निराशाजनक भी नहीं है: बढ़ते हुए ऊर्जा दक्षता कार्यक्रम; एकीकृत शहरीकरण और परिवहन नीति पर चर्चा; ऊर्जा तक पहुँच और ऊर्जा सुरक्षा बढ़ाने के लिए ठोस प्रयास; और नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा हेतु साहसिक पहल, भले ही इनकी पूरी संकल्पना तैयार नहीं है, तथापि ये परिवर्तन की आशा की ओर संकेत करते हैं।)

Which one of the following statements best reflects the critical message conveyed by the passage given above? (निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा कथन उपर्युक्त परिच्छेद का सर्वाधिक निर्णायक संदेश प्रस्तुत करता है?)

3 / 10

3. In the sum (योग)

⊗+1⊗+5⊗+⊗⊗+⊗1= 1⊗⊗

for which digit does the symbol stand? (में प्रतीक & किस अंक को दर्शाता है?)

4 / 10

4.

Passage (परिच्छेद)

Education plays a great transformatory role in life, particularly so in this rapidly changing and globalizing world. Universities are the custodians of the intellectual capital and promoters of culture and specialized knowledge. Culture is an activity of thought, and receptiveness to beauty and human feelings. A merely well informed man is only a bore on God's earth. What we should aim at is producing men who possess both culture and expert knowledge. Their expert knowledge will give them a firm ground to start from and their culture will lead them as deep as philosophy and as high as art. Together it will impart meaning to human existence.

(शिक्षा जीवन में महान बदलाव लाने की भूमिका निभाती है, खास कर इस तेजी से बदलते और वैश्वीकरण की तेज गति वाले विश्व में। विश्वविद्यालय बौद्धिक पूँजी के अभिरक्षक और संस्कृति तथा विशेषज्ञतापूर्ण ज्ञान के प्रवर्तक हैं। संस्कृति, चिंतन की क्रियाशीलता, और सौंदर्य तथा मानवीय भावनाओं की ग्रहणशीलता होती है। केवल बहुत सी जानकारियों से युक्त व्यक्ति ईश्वर की धरती पर सिर्फ़ एक उबाऊ इंसान भर है। हमारा लक्ष्य यह होना चाहिए कि ऐसे व्यक्ति तैयार किए जाएँ जिनके पास संस्कृति और विशेषज्ञतापूर्ण ज्ञान, दोनों हों। उनका विशेषज्ञतापूर्ण ज्ञान उन्हें आगे बढ़ने के लिए एक मज़बूत आधार प्रदान करेगा और उनकी संस्कृति उन्हें दर्शन की गहराइयों और कला की ऊँचाइयों तक ले जाएगी। साथ मिल कर यह मानवीय अस्तित्व को अर्थ प्रदान करेगा।)

On the basis of the above passage, the following assumptions have been made: (उपर्युक्त परिच्छेद के आधार पर निम्नलिखित पूर्वधारणाएँ बनाई गई हैं:)

  1. A society without well educated people cannot be transformed into a modern society. (सुशिक्षित व्यक्तियों से रहित समाज आधुनिक समाज में रूपांतरित नहीं हो सकता।)
  2. Without acquiring culture, a person's education is not complete. (संस्कृति अर्जित किए बिना, किसी भी व्यक्ति की शिक्षा पूर्ण नहीं होती।)

Which of the above assumptions is/are valid? (उपर्युक्त में से कौन-सी पूर्वधारणा / पूर्वधारणाएँ वैध है/हैं?)

5 / 10

5.

Passage (परिच्छेद)

There is more than a modicum of truth in the assertion that "a working knowledge of ancient history is necessary to the intelligent interpretation of current events". But the sage who uttered these words of wisdom might well have added something on the benefits of studying particularly the famous battles of history for the lessons they contain for those of us who lead or aspire to leadership. Such a study will reveal certain qualities and attributes which enabled the winners to win - and certain deficiencies which caused the losers to lose. And the student will see that the same pattern recurs consistently, again and again, throughout the centuries.

(इस अभिकथन में किंचित से कहीं अधिक सच्चाई है कि "सामयिक घटनाओं की बुद्धिमत्तापूर्ण व्याख्या के लिए प्राचीन इतिहास का कार्यसाधक ज्ञान होना आवश्यक है"। किन्तु जिस बुद्धिमान ने समझदारी के ये शब्द कहे थे, उसने विशेष रूप से इतिहास की प्रसिद्ध लड़ाइयों के अध्ययन से होने वाले फायदों पर अवश्य ही कुछ-न-कुछ कहा होगा, क्योंकि इनमें हममें से उनके लिए सबक शामिल हैं जो नेतृत्व करते हैं या नेता बनने की अभिलाषा रखते हैं। इस तरह के अध्ययन से कुछ ऐसे गुण और विशेषताएँ उद्घाटित होंगी, जिनसे विजेताओं के लिए जीत परिचालित हुई और वे कतिपय कमियाँ भी, जिनके कारण हारने वालों की हार हुई और विद्यार्थी यह देखेगा कि यही प्रतिरूप सदियों से लगातार, बार-बार पुनर्घटित होता है।)

With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made: (उपर्युक्त परिच्छेद के सन्दर्भ में निम्नलिखित पूर्वधारणाएँ बनाई गई हैं:)

  1. A study of the famous battles of history would help us understand the modern warfare. (इतिहास की प्रसिद्ध लड़ाइयों का अध्ययन हमें आधुनिक युद्धस्थिति को समझने में सहायता करेगा।)
  2. Studying the history is essential for anyone who aspires to be a leader. (जो भी नेतृत्व की इच्छा रखता है, उसके लिए इतिहास का अध्ययन अनिवार्य है।)

Which of these assumptions is/are valid? (इनमें से कौन-सी पूर्वधारणा / पूर्वधारणाएँ वैध है/हैं?)

6 / 10

6. AB is a vertical trunk of a huge tree with A being the point where the base of the trunk touches the ground. Due to a cyclone, the trunk has been broken at C which is at a height of 12 meters, broken part is partially attached to the vertical portion of the trunk at C. If the end of the broken part B touches the ground at D which is at a distance of 5 meters from A, then the original height of the trunk is: (AB किसी विशाल वृक्ष का उर्ध्वाधर तना है और A वह बिंदु है जहाँ पर तने का आधार जमीन को छूता है। किसी तूफान के कारण तना उस बिंदु C पर टूट गया है जो 12 मीटर की ऊंचाई पर है। टूटा हुआ भाग आंशिक रूप से तने के ऊर्ध्वाधर हिस्से से C पर जुड़ा है। यदि टूटे हुए भाग का सिरा B, जमीन को D पर छूता है जो बिंदु A से 5 मीटर की दूरी पर है, तो तने की मूल ऊंचाई क्या है?)

7 / 10

7. Two equal glasses of same type are respectively 1/3 and 1/4 full of milk. They are then filled up with water and the contents are mixed in a pot. What is the ratio of milk and water in the pot? (एक ही प्रकार के दो समरूप गिलास क्रमश: 1/3 और 1/4 दूध से भरे हैं। तब इन गिलासों को पूरा होने तक पानी से भरा गया, और गिलासों में भरे हुए द्रव (मिश्रण) को एक पात्र में मिला दिया गया । इस पात्र में दूध और पानी का अनुपात क्या है?)

8 / 10

8. Consider that: (विचार कीजिए कि:)

  1. A is taller than B. (A, B से लंबा है।)
  2. C is taller than A. (C, A से लंबा है।)
  3. D is taller than C. (D, C से लंबा है।)
  4. E is the tallest of all. (E सबसे लंबा है।)

If they are made to sit in the above order of their height, who will occupy the mid position? (अब यदि इन्हें उपर्युक्त लंबाई के अनुसार क्रम से बिठाया जाए, तो बीच की जगह पर कौन बैठेगा?)

9 / 10

9.

Passage (परिच्छेद)

The subject of democracy has become severely muddled because of the way the rhetoric surrounding it has been used in recent years. There is, increasingly, an oddly confused dichotomy between those who want to 'impose' democracy on countries in the non-Western world (in these countries 'own interest', of course) and those who are opposed to such 'imposition' (because of the respect for the countries own ways). But the entire language of 'imposition', used by both sides, is extraordinarily inappropriate since it makes the implicit assumption that democracy belongs exclusively to the West, taking it to be a quintessentially 'Western' idea which has originated and flourished only in the West.

But the thesis and the pessimism it generates about the possibility of democratic practice in the world would be extremely hard to justify. There were several experiments in local democracy in ancient India. Indeed, in understanding the roots of democracy in the world, we have to take an interest in the history of people participation and public reasoning in different parts of the world. We have to look beyond thinking of democracy only in terms of European and American evolution. We would fail to understand the pervasive demands for participatory living, on which Aristotle spoke with far-reaching insight, if we take democracy to be a kind of a specialized cultural product of the West.

It cannot, of course, be doubted that the institutional structure of the contemporary practice of democracy is largely the product of European and American experience over the last few centuries. This is extremely important to recognize since these developments in institutional formats were immensely innovative and ultimately effective. There can be little doubt that there is a major 'Western' achievement here.

(हाल के वर्षों में, लोकतंत्र के विषय को लेकर उसके आस-पास जिस प्रकार से शब्दाडंबर प्रयुक्त हुए हैं, उसके फलस्वरूप यह विषय अत्यंत संभ्रमपूर्ण हो गया है। ग़ैर-पश्चिमी विश्व के देशों पर लोकतंत्र 'अधिरोपित' करने के समर्थकों (वस्तुतः इन देशों के 'स्वहित' में ही), और ऐसे 'अधिरोपण' के विरोधियों (उन देशों के अपने तौर-तरीकों के लिए समादर होने के (कारण) के बीच एक बढ़ता हुआ, विचित्र रूप से भ्रांत द्विभाजन बन गया है। किंतु, इन दोनों ही पक्षों के द्वारा प्रयुक्त 'अधिरोपण' की पूरी भाषा असाधारण रूप से असंगत है, क्योंकि इससे यह अस्पष्ट धारणा बनती है। कि लोकतंत्र अनन्य रूप से पश्चिमी देशों से ही सम्बन्ध रखता है, यह मानते हुए, कि यह सर्वोत्कृष्टता से 'पश्चिमी' विचार है जो केवल पश्चिम में ही जन्मा और फला-फूला।

किंतु इस अभिधारणा को, और इससे विश्व में लोकतांत्रिक प्रथा की सम्भावना के बारे में जनित निराशावाद को औचित्यपूर्ण ठहराना बहुत कठिन होगा। प्राचीन भारत में स्थानीय लोकतंत्र के अनेक प्रयोग किए गए हैं। सचमुच, विश्व में लोकतंत्र की जड़ों को समझने के लिए हमें विश्व के विभिन्न भागों में हुई जन सहभागिता और लोक-विवेचन के इतिहास में रुचि लेनी होगी। यूरोपीय और अमेरिकी क्रमविकास के आधार पर हमें मात्र लोकतंत्र के विचारण के परे देखना होगा। यदि हम लोकतंत्र को पश्चिम का एक प्रकार का विशेषीकृत सांस्कृतिक उत्पाद मान लें, तो अरस्तू दूरगामी अंतर्दृष्टि के साथ सहभागी जीवन की जिन व्यापक माँगों के विषय में बात की थी, उन्हें समझने में हम असफल हो जाएँगे।

वास्तव में इस पर संदेह नहीं किया जा सकता कि लोकतंत्र की समकालीन प्रथा का सांस्थानिक ढाँचा अधिकांश रूप में यूरोप और अमेरिका के गत कुछ शताब्दियों में हुए अनुभवों की देन है। इसे पहचानना अत्यंत महत्त्वपूर्ण है, क्योंकि सांस्थानिक प्ररूपों में ये विकास अत्यधिक नवपरिवर्तनशील और अंततः प्रभावी हुए। इसमें कोई संशय नहीं हो सकता कि यहाँ एक प्रमुख 'पश्चिमी' उपलब्धि है।)

With reference to the passage, the following assumptions have been made: (परिच्छेद के संदर्भ में, निम्नलिखित धारणाएँ बनाई गई हैं:)

  1. Many of the non-Western countries are unable to have democracy because they take democracy to be a specialized cultural product of the West. (अनेक गैर-पश्चिमी देश लोकतंत्र लाने में असफल रहे हैं, क्योंकि वे लोकतंत्र को पश्चिम का विशिष्ट सांस्कृतिक उत्पाद होने के रूप में देखते हैं।)
  2. Western countries are always trying to impose democracy on non-Western countries. (पश्चिमी देश हमेशा ग़ैर-पश्चिमी देशों पर लोकतंत्र अधिरोपित करने का प्रयास करते हैं।)

Which of the above is/are valid assumption/assumptions? (कौन-सी उपर्युक्त धारणा / धारणाएँ वैध है/हैं?)

10 / 10

10.

Passage (परिच्छेद)

The subject of democracy has become severely muddled because of the way the rhetoric surrounding it has been used in recent years. There is, increasingly, an oddly confused dichotomy between those who want to 'impose' democracy on countries in the non-Western world (in these countries 'own interest', of course) and those who are opposed to such 'imposition' (because of the respect for the countries own ways). But the entire language of 'imposition', used by both sides, is extraordinarily inappropriate since it makes the implicit assumption that democracy belongs exclusively to the West, taking it to be a quintessentially 'Western' idea which has originated and flourished only in the West.

But the thesis and the pessimism it generates about the possibility of democratic practice in the world would be extremely hard to justify. There were several experiments in local democracy in ancient India. Indeed, in understanding the roots of democracy in the world, we have to take an interest in the history of people participation and public reasoning in different parts of the world. We have to look beyond thinking of democracy only in terms of European and American evolution. We would fail to understand the pervasive demands for participatory living, on which Aristotle spoke with far-reaching insight, if we take democracy to be a kind of a specialized cultural product of the West.

It cannot, of course, be doubted that the institutional structure of the contemporary practice of democracy is largely the product of European and American experience over the last few centuries. This is extremely important to recognize since these developments in institutional formats were immensely innovative and ultimately effective. There can be little doubt that there is a major 'Western' achievement here.

(हाल के वर्षों में, लोकतंत्र के विषय को लेकर उसके आस-पास जिस प्रकार से शब्दाडंबर प्रयुक्त हुए हैं, उसके फलस्वरूप यह विषय अत्यंत संभ्रमपूर्ण हो गया है। ग़ैर-पश्चिमी विश्व के देशों पर लोकतंत्र 'अधिरोपित' करने के समर्थकों (वस्तुतः इन देशों के 'स्वहित' में ही), और ऐसे 'अधिरोपण' के विरोधियों (उन देशों के अपने तौर-तरीकों के लिए समादर होने के (कारण) के बीच एक बढ़ता हुआ, विचित्र रूप से भ्रांत द्विभाजन बन गया है। किंतु, इन दोनों ही पक्षों के द्वारा प्रयुक्त 'अधिरोपण' की पूरी भाषा असाधारण रूप से असंगत है, क्योंकि इससे यह अस्पष्ट धारणा बनती है। कि लोकतंत्र अनन्य रूप से पश्चिमी देशों से ही सम्बन्ध रखता है, यह मानते हुए, कि यह सर्वोत्कृष्टता से 'पश्चिमी' विचार है जो केवल पश्चिम में ही जन्मा और फला-फूला।

किंतु इस अभिधारणा को, और इससे विश्व में लोकतांत्रिक प्रथा की सम्भावना के बारे में जनित निराशावाद को औचित्यपूर्ण ठहराना बहुत कठिन होगा। प्राचीन भारत में स्थानीय लोकतंत्र के अनेक प्रयोग किए गए हैं। सचमुच, विश्व में लोकतंत्र की जड़ों को समझने के लिए हमें विश्व के विभिन्न भागों में हुई जन सहभागिता और लोक-विवेचन के इतिहास में रुचि लेनी होगी। यूरोपीय और अमेरिकी क्रमविकास के आधार पर हमें मात्र लोकतंत्र के विचारण के परे देखना होगा। यदि हम लोकतंत्र को पश्चिम का एक प्रकार का विशेषीकृत सांस्कृतिक उत्पाद मान लें, तो अरस्तू दूरगामी अंतर्दृष्टि के साथ सहभागी जीवन की जिन व्यापक माँगों के विषय में बात की थी, उन्हें समझने में हम असफल हो जाएँगे।

वास्तव में इस पर संदेह नहीं किया जा सकता कि लोकतंत्र की समकालीन प्रथा का सांस्थानिक ढाँचा अधिकांश रूप में यूरोप और अमेरिका के गत कुछ शताब्दियों में हुए अनुभवों की देन है। इसे पहचानना अत्यंत महत्त्वपूर्ण है, क्योंकि सांस्थानिक प्ररूपों में ये विकास अत्यधिक नवपरिवर्तनशील और अंततः प्रभावी हुए। इसमें कोई संशय नहीं हो सकता कि यहाँ एक प्रमुख 'पश्चिमी' उपलब्धि है।)

Which of the following is closest to the view of democracy as mentioned in the above passage? (उपर्युक्त परिच्छेद में यथा उल्लिखित, निम्नलिखित में से कौन-सा लोकतंत्र के दृष्टिकोण के सर्वाधिक निकट है?)

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UPSC Mains Literature Optional Paper-2 PYPs

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UPSC Mains Literature Optional Paper-2 PYPs

The UPSC Civil Services Examination (CSE) offers Literature as an optional subject for candidates with a background or interest in the field of literature. Literature Optional Paper-2 is a significant component of the Mains examination, focusing on advanced and specialized topics within the realm of literature.

Here’s an overview of UPSC CSE Mains Literature Optional Paper-2:

1). Scope and Syllabus:

    • Literature Optional Paper-2 delves into advanced and specialized areas of literature, including specific literary genres, literary movements, critical theories, and authors’ works.
    • The syllabus typically includes topics such as literary criticism, literary theories, modern and contemporary literature, comparative literature, and literary movements.

 

2). Significance in UPSC CSE Preparation:

    • Literature Optional Paper-2 assesses candidates’ understanding of advanced literary concepts, critical analysis of literary texts, and interpretation of literary theories and movements.
    • It evaluates candidates’ ability to analyze literary works in depth, demonstrate familiarity with literary criticism, and apply theoretical frameworks to literary analysis.

 

3). Preparation Strategy:

    • Understand the Syllabus: Familiarize yourself with the detailed syllabus to identify key topics and areas of focus for preparation.
    • Study Specialized Texts: Refer to advanced textbooks, literary anthologies, and critical works recommended for literature to gain in-depth knowledge of specialized topics covered in Optional Paper-2.
    • Analyze Literary Works: Study and analyze literary works from different periods, genres, and cultures to understand thematic elements, stylistic features, and cultural contexts.
    • Explore Literary Criticism: Familiarize yourself with various literary theories, critical approaches, and schools of thought to develop a nuanced understanding of literary criticism and interpretation.

 

4). Resources and References:

    • “An Introduction to Literary Studies” by Mario Klarer
    • “The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism” edited by Vincent B. Leitch
    • “The Cambridge Companion to Literature” series
    • “Critical Terms for Literary Study” edited by Frank Lentricchia and Thomas McLaughlin
    • “Contemporary Literary Criticism” series

 

5). Evaluation and Scoring:

    • Literature Optional Paper-2 is evaluated based on candidates’ understanding of advanced literary concepts, critical analysis of literary texts, and application of literary theories.
    • Emphasis is also placed on candidates’ ability to articulate arguments, provide textual evidence, and demonstrate originality in their interpretations and analyses.

In conclusion, Literature Optional Paper-2 in UPSC CSE provides candidates with an opportunity to showcase their advanced understanding of literature, critical thinking skills, and analytical abilities. With diligent preparation and a thorough understanding of literary theories and texts, candidates can excel in this optional subject and enhance their overall performance in the UPSC CSE examination.

 

UPSC CSE Mains Literature Optional Paper-2 Previous Year Papers 2013-2023

Literature Subject Name Mains Literature Optional Paper-2 PYPs
Assamese Literature
Bengali Literature
English Literature
Gujarati Literature
Hindi Literature
Kannada Literature
Maithili Literature
Malayalam Literature
Manipuri Literature
Marathi Literature
Odia Literature
Punjabi Literature
Sanskrit Literature
Sindhi (Devanagari) Literature
Tamil Literature
Telugu Literature
Urdu Literature

 

Some Important Links
UPSC Mains Literature Optional Paper-1 & 2 Syllabus Click Here
Official Website UPSC Official Website

 

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UPSC Mains Literature Optional Paper-2 PYPs

FAQ – UPSC Mains Literature Optional Paper-2 PYPs
Q. What are UPSC Mains Literature Optional Paper-2 Previous Year Papers (PYPs)?

Ans. UPSC Mains Literature Optional Paper-2 Previous Year Papers refer to the question papers from past years’ UPSC Civil Services Mains examinations for the Literature optional subject Paper-2.

 

Q. Why are UPSC Mains Literature Optional Paper-2 PYPs important for preparation?

Ans. Previous year papers help candidates understand the exam pattern, question types, and the level of difficulty of questions asked in Literature Optional Paper-2. They also provide insight into the topics frequently tested by UPSC.

 

Q. Where can I find UPSC Mains Literature Optional Paper-2 PYPs?

Ans. UPSC Mains Literature Optional Paper-2 Previous Year Papers can be found on various online platforms, UPSC preparation websites, and in books specifically designed for UPSC exam preparation.

 

Q. How can I use UPSC Mains Literature Optional Paper-2 PYPs effectively in my preparation?

Ans. Candidates can use previous year papers to practice answering questions, test their knowledge and understanding of the syllabus, identify weak areas for improvement, and assess their exam preparedness.

 

Q. Are there any specific topics or areas I should focus on while studying UPSC Mains Literature Optional Paper-2 PYPs?

Ans. Candidates should focus on all the literary works and authors mentioned in the Literature Optional Paper-2 syllabus. However, they may pay special attention to works and authors that are frequently tested in previous year papers to ensure comprehensive preparation.

 

Q. How recent should the UPSC Mains Literature Optional Paper-2 PYPs be for effective preparation?

Ans. While recent previous year papers are important for understanding current trends, candidates can also benefit from practicing with older papers to gain a comprehensive understanding of the exam pattern over the years.

 

Q. Can solving UPSC Mains Literature Optional Paper-2 PYPs help in time management during the exam?

Ans. Yes, practicing with previous year papers helps candidates improve their writing skills by providing opportunities to formulate coherent arguments, articulate ideas effectively, and structure their responses logically.

 

Q. Should I attempt UPSC Mains Literature Optional Paper-2 PYPs under timed conditions?

Ans. Yes, attempting previous year papers under timed conditions simulates exam-like conditions and helps candidates develop time management skills, which are crucial for performing well in the actual exam.

 

Q. Are there any online platforms where I can access UPSC Mains Literature Optional Paper-2 PYPs for free?

Ans. Yes, there are several websites and online forums dedicated to UPSC exam preparation that offer UPSC Mains Literature Optional Paper-2 Previous Year Papers for free download or online practice.

 

Q. Can solving UPSC Mains Literature Optional Paper-2 PYPs alone guarantee success in the exam?

Ans. While practicing with previous year papers is an important part of exam preparation, candidates should also focus on understanding concepts, revising the syllabus, and refining their writing skills to maximize their chances of success.

 

Q. Can candidates use UPSC Mains Literature Optional Paper-2 PYPs to anticipate potential challenges in the actual exam, and how should they prepare for them?

Ans. Yes, by reviewing challenges faced by candidates in answering certain questions in the past, aspirants can better prepare for similar situations in the actual examination, refining their problem-solving abilities.

Remember, while UPSC Mains Literature Optional Paper-2 PYPs are valuable, they should be integrated into a comprehensive preparation strategy for optimal performance in the UPSC Civil Services Examination.

 

These FAQs aim to provide guidance on leveraging UPSC Mains Literature Optional Paper-2 PYPs (Previous Year Papers) effectively as part of your preparation strategy for the UPSC Civil Services Examination.

Note:- For any other information or query about UPSC CSE Examination, Please visit the Official Website https://upsc.gov.in.

 

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UPSC Mains Literature Optional PYPs

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